Delhi Metro

Delhi Metro
दिल्ली मेट्रो
Delhi Metro logo.svg
Info
Locale National Capital Region (India)
Transit type Rapid transit
Number of lines 5
Number of stations 117[1]
Daily ridership 1.15 million[2]
Chief executive E. Sreedharan
Headquarters Metro Bhawan, Barakhamba Road, New Delhi
Website http://www.delhimetrorail.com
Operation
Began operation December 24, 2002[3]
Operator(s) Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd (DMRC)
Number of vehicles 122 trains[4]
Train length 4 to 6 coaches[5]
Technical
System length 138 kilometers (86 mi)[1]
Track gauge 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge and 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
Electrification 25 kV, 50 Hz AC through overhead catenary

The Delhi Metro (Hindi: दिल्ली मेट्रो Dillī Meṭro) is a rapid transit system serving Delhi, Gurgaon and Noida in the National Capital Region of India. The network consists of five lines with a total length of 138 kilometres (86 mi). The metro has 117 stations of which 26 are underground. It has a combination of elevated, at-grade and underground lines and uses both broad gauge and standard gauge rolling stock.

Delhi Metro is being built and operated by the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited (DMRC). As of April 2010, DMRC operates more than 100 trains daily between 6:00 — 23:00 with a frequency of 3 to 4.5 minutes.[4] The trains have four to six coaches[5] and the power output is supplied by 25-kilo volt, 50 Hz AC through overhead catenary. The metro has an average daily ridership of over a million commuters,[2] and has carried over 1.25 billion commuters since its inception, more than the country's total population.[6]

Planning for the metro started in 1984, when the Delhi Development Authority and the Urban Arts Commission came up with a proposal for developing a multi-modal transport system for the city. The Government of India and the Government of Delhi jointly set up the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) in 1995. Construction started in 1998, and the first section, on the Red Line, opened in 2002, followed by the Yellow Line in 2004, the Blue Line in 2005, its branch line in 2009 and the Green Line in 2010. Subsequently, these lines have been extended and new lines are under construction in Phase II of the project, including the Delhi Airport Metro Express and the Violet Line which are scheduled to be completed by September 2010.

Contents

History

Background

The concept of a mass rapid transit for Delhi first emerged from a traffic and travel characteristics study carried out in the city in 1969.[7] Over the next several years, many official committees by a variety of government departments were commissioned to examine issues related to technology, route alignment and governmental jurisdiction.[8] In 1984, the Delhi Development Authority and the Urban Arts Commission came up with a proposal for developing a multi-modal transport system, which would consist of constructing three underground mass rapid transit corridors as well augmenting the city's existing suburban railway and road transport networks.[9]

While extensive technical studies and search for financing the project were in progress, the city expanded significantly resulting in a twofold rise in population and a fivefold rise in the number of vehicles between 1981 and 1998.[9] Consequently, traffic congestion and pollution soared, as an increasing number of commuters took to private vehicles with the existing bus system unable to bear the load.[7] An attempt at privatising the bus transport system in 1992 merely compounded the problem, with inexperienced operators plying poorly maintained, noisy and polluting buses on lengthy routes, resulting in long waiting times, unreliable service, extreme overcrowding, unqualified drivers, speeding and reckless driving.[10] To rectify the situation, the Government of India and the Government of Delhi jointly set up a company called the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) on March 5, 1995 with E. Sreedharan as the managing director.[11]

Construction

Physical construction work on the Delhi Metro started on October 1, 1998.[12] After the previous problems experienced by the Calcutta Metro, which was badly delayed and 12 times over budget due to "political meddling, technical problems and bureaucratic delays", the DMRC was given full powers to hire people, decide on tenders and control funds.[13] As a result, construction proceeded smoothly, except from one major disagreement in 2000, where the Ministry of Railways forced the system to use broad gauge despite the DMRC's preference for standard gauge.[14]

The first line of the Delhi Metro was inaugurated by Atal Behari Vajpayee, former Prime Minister of India on December 24, 2002[3] and thus it became the second underground rapid transit system in India, after Kolkata Metro. The first phase of the project was completed in 2006[15] on budget and almost three years ahead of schedule, an achievement described as "nothing short of a miracle".[16]

Network

The Delhi Metro is being built in phases. Phase I completed 65.11 km (40.46 mi) of route length, of which 13.01 km (8.08 mi) is underground and 52.10 km (32.37 mi) surface or elevated. The inauguration of the Indraprastha–Barakhamba Road corridor of the Blue Line marked the completion of Phase I on October 27, 2006.[15] Phase II of the network comprises 128 km (80 mi) of route length and 79 stations, and is presently under construction, with the first section opened in June 2008 and a target completion date of 2010.[17] Phases III (112 km) and IV (108.5 km) are planned to be completed by 2015 and 2021 respectively, with the network spanning 413 km (257 mi) by then.[18]

Current routes

As of September 2010, the whole of Phase-I and parts of Phase-II are complete, with the network comprising five lines with 117 metro stations and a total length of 138 km (86 mi).[1][19]

Line First operational Stations[1] Length
(km)[1]		 Terminals Rolling stock Network Map
Red Line 24 December 2002 21 25.1 Dilshad Garden Rithala 23 trains[20]
Network map
Yellow Line 20 December 2004 34 45 Jahangirpuri HUDA City Centre 40 trains[20]
Blue Line 31 December 2005 42 47.3 Noida City Centre Dwarka Sector 9 52 trains[21]
7 January 2010 6 6.25 Yamuna Bank Anand Vihar
Green Line 3 April 2010 14 15.1 Inderlok Mundka 13 trains[22]

Red Line

The Red Line was the first line of the Metro to be opened and connects Rithala in the west to Dilshad Garden in the east, covering a distance of 25.09 kilometres (15.59 mi).[20] It is partly elevated and partly at grade, and crosses the Yamuna River between Kashmere Gate and Shastri Park stations.[23] The inauguration of the first stretch between Shahdara and Tis Hazari on December 24, 2002, caused the ticketing system to collapse due to the line being crowded to four times its capacity by citizens eager to have a ride.[24][25] Subsequent sections were inaugurated from Tis Hazari – Trinagar (later renamed Inderlok) on October 4, 2003,[26] Inderlok – Rithala on March 31, 2004, and Shahdara – Dilshad Garden on June 4, 2008.[27]

Yellow Line

The Yellow Line was the second line of the Metro and was the first underground line to be opened.[28] It runs for 44.36 kilometres (27.56 mi) from north to south and connects Jahangirpuri with HUDA City Centre. The northern and southern parts of the line is elevated, while the central section through some of the most congested parts of Delhi is underground. The first section between Vishwa Vidyalaya and Kashmere Gate opened on December 20, 2004, and the subsequent sections of Kashmere Gate – Central Secretariat opened on July 3, 2005, and Vishwa Vidyalaya – Jahangirpuri on February 4, 2009.[27] This line also possesses the country's deepest Metro station at Chawri Bazaar, situated 30 metres (98 ft) below ground level.[29][30] On 21 June 2010, an additional 14.47 km stretch from Qutub Minar to HUDA City Centre in Gurgaon was opened, initially operating separately from the main line; the connecting link between Central Secretariat and Qutub Minar opened on September 3, 2010.[31]

Interchanges are available with the Red Line at Kashmere Gate station, and with the Indian Railways network at Delhi and New Delhi railway stations.[32][33]

Blue Line

The Blue Line was the third line of the Metro to be opened, and the first to connect areas outside Delhi.[34] Partly overhead and partly underground,[35] it connects Dwarka in the west with the satellite city of Noida in the east, covering a distance of 47.4 kilometres (29.5 mi).[34] The first section of this line between Dwarka and Barakhamba Road was inaugurated on December 31, 2005, and subsequent sections opened between Dwarka – Dwarka Sector 9 on April 1, 2006, Barakhamba Road – Indraprastha on November 11, 2006, Indraprastha – Yamuna Bank on May 10, 2009, and Yamuna Bank – Noida City Centre on November 12, 2009.[27] This line crosses the Yamuna River between Indraprastha and Yamuna Bank stations,[23] and has India's first extradosed bridge across the Northern Railways mainlines near Pragati Maidan.[36] A branch of the Blue line, inaugurated on January 7, 2010, takes off from Yamuna Bank station and runs for 6.25 kilometres (3.88 mi) up to Anand Vihar in east Delhi.[19] Interchanges are available with the Yellow Line at Rajiv Chowk station,[35] and with the Indian Railways network at the Anand Vihar Railway Terminal.[37]

Green Line

The Green Line is the most recent line of the Metro, and its first standard gauge corridor, to be inaugurated as of 2010.[22] The fully elevated line joins Mundka with Inderlok, running for 15.1 kilometres (9.4 mi) mostly along Rohtak Road.[38] An interchange with the Red line is available at Inderlok station via an integrated concourse.[39] This line also has the country's first standard gauge maintenance depot at Mundka.[40]

Routes under construction

Phase II consists of 127 km (79 mi) of new rail, of which the following sections are under construction.[18]

Construction work in progress for the Phase II extension to Gurgaon.
Planned Opening Date Route Terminals Length Stations
September 2010[41] ■ Blue Line Dwarka Sector 9 – Dwarka Sector 21 2.76 km (1.71 mi) 2
September 2010[41] ■ Airport Express New Delhi – IGI Airport 19.20 km (11.93 mi) 5
September 2010[41] ■ Violet Line Central Secretariat – Badarpur 20.16 km (12.53 mi) 15
December 2010[41] ■ Green Line Kirti Nagar – Ashok Park Main 3.32 km (2.06 mi) 2
March 2011[42] ■ Blue Line Anand Vihar – Vaishali 2.5 km (1.6 mi) 2

Planned extensions

Several extensions to the Delhi Metro network have been planned. Phase III with a total length of 112 kilometres (70 mi), has a 2015 deadline, and tentatively includes extensions to Badli, Mukundpur, Bahadurgarh, Shiv Vihar, Barwala, Ghaziabad, Gurgaon and Faridabad.[18] Phase IV has a 2020 deadline, and tentatively includes further extensions to Sarai Kale Khan ISBT, Sonia Vihar, Reola Khanpur, Mukundpur, Palam, Najafgarh, Ghazipur, Noida Sector 62, Gurgaon and Faridabad, having a total length of 108.5 km (67.4 mi).[18] Apart from these lines in Phases I to IV, plans have been mooted to construct a new line from Noida Sector 62 to Greater Noida which will intersect Indraprastha – Noida Sector 32 line.[43] The Ghaziabad Development Authority is planning to extend Delhi Metro lines deeper into Ghaziabad in three phases, including the extension of Line 4 from Anand Vihar to Vaishali, and subsequently to Mehrauli via Indirapuram, as well as the extension of Line 1 from Dilshad Garden to the new Ghaziabad bus stand.[42][44] The independently operated Gurgaon Metro, if built, will also interchange with the Delhi Metro.[45]

Finances

Funding

The capital cost of Phases I and II has been estimated to be Indian rupee14,430 crore (US$ 3.28 billion) at 2004 prices.[46] However, more recent estimates have placed the cost of construction at Indian rupee200 crore (US$ 45.4 million) per kilometre.[47] Thirty percent of the total investment for Phases I and II has been raised through equity capital with the Government of India (GoI) and Government of Delhi contributing equal shares,[46] and approximately another 60 percent has been raised as either long-term or subordinate debt, through soft loans from the Japan Bank for International Cooperation.[48] The rest of the investment is proposed to be recovered from internal revenues through operations and property development.[46] The Metro also received Indian rupee1,914.3 crore (US$ 434.5 million) as grant-in-aid from various agencies for the financial year ending March 2009.[49] As of August 7th 2010, Delhi Metro has paid back an amount of Indian rupee567.63 crore (US$ 128.85 million), which includes loan amount for Phase I and interest amounts for Phases I and II, to the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).[50]

Revenue and profits

In 2007, the Delhi Metro claimed to be one of only five metro systems in the world that operated at a profit without government subsidies. This was enabled by keeping maintenance costs to a minimum and harnessing additional revenue from advertisements and property development, apart from ticket sales.[51][52] The Metro also generates revenue by leasing out its trains and stations for film shoots. Due to its increasing association with Delhi as an image of the city's everyday life, it has been a popular filming location for production houses, and several films and advertisements have been shot on board.[53][54] Producers have to pay as much as Indian rupee1 lakh (US$ 2,270) for every hour of filming, besides a security deposit and insurance.[53]

For the financial year ended March 2008, the Metro reported operating revenues of Indian rupee305.27 crore (US$ 69.3 million) and a profit before tax of Indian rupee19.98 crore (US$ 4.54 million),[55] which rose to Indian rupee723.77 crore (US$ 164.3 million) and Indian rupee90.43 crore (US$ 20.5 million) respectively for the financial year ended March 2009.[49]

Operations

Inside a Metro Station.

Trains operate at intervals of 3 to 4.5 minutes between 6:00 to 23:00. Trains operating within the network typically travel at speeds below 80 km/h (50 mph), and stop about 20 seconds at each station. Automated station announcements are recorded in Hindi and English. Many stations have services such as ATMs, food outlets, cafés and convenience stores. Eating, drinking, smoking, and chewing of gum are prohibited in the entire system. The Metro also has a sophisticated fire alarm system for advance warning in emergencies, and fire retardant material is used in trains as well as on the premises of stations.[56] Navigation information is available on Google Transit.[57]

Security

Security on the Delhi Metro is handled by the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF), who have been guarding the system ever since they took over from the Delhi Police in 2007.[58] Closed-circuit cameras are used to monitor trains and stations, and feed from these is monitored by both the CISF and Delhi Metro authorities at their respective control rooms.[59] Over 3500 CISF personnel have been deployed to deal with law and order issues in the system, in addition to metal detectors, X-ray baggage inspection systems and dog squads which are used to secure the system.[60] Intercoms are provided in each train car for emergency communication between the passengers and the driver.[61] Periodic security drills are carried out at stations and on trains to ensure preparedness of security agencies in emergency situations.[62]

Ticketing

For the convenience of customers, Delhi Metro commuters have three choices for ticket purchase. The RFID tokens are valid only for a single journey on the day of purchase and the value depends on the distance travelled, with fares for a single journey ranging from Indian rupee8 (US$ 0.18) to Indian rupee30 (US$ 0.68). Fares are calculated based on the origin and destination stations using a fare chart.[63] A common ticketing facility for commuters travelling on Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC) buses and the Metro will be introduced in 2011.[64]. Travel cards are available for longer durations and are most convenient for frequent commuters. They are valid for one year from the date of purchase or the date of last recharge, and are available in denominations of Indian rupee50 (US$ 1.14) to Indian rupee800 (US$ 18.2). A 10% discount is given on all travel made on it.[65] A deposit of Indian rupee50 (US$ 1.14) needs to be made to buy a new card.[66]. Tourist cards can be used for unlimited travel on the Delhi Metro network over short periods of time. There are two kinds of tourist cards — with validities of one and three days respectively. The cost of a one-day card is Indian rupee70 (US$ 1.6) and that of a three-day card is Indian rupee200 (US$ 4.5), besides a refundable deposit of Indian rupee50 (US$ 1.14) that must be paid at the time of purchasing the card.[66]

Issues

A long line of commuters waiting to purchase tickets at the Yamuna Bank station in east Delhi.

As the network has expanded, high ridership and technical snags in new trains have led to increasing instances of overcrowding and delays on the Delhi Metro.[67][68] To alleviate the problem, orders for new coaches have been placed and an increase in the frequency of trains has been proposed.[67] Infrequent, overcrowded and erratic feeder bus services connecting stations to nearby localities have also been reported as an area of concern.[69][70]

Accidents

On October 19, 2008, a girder launcher and a part of the overhead Blue Line extension under construction in Laxmi Nagar, East Delhi collapsed and fell on passing vehicles underneath. Workers were lifting a 400-tonne concrete span of the bridge with the help of a crane when the launcher collapsed along with a 34m long span of the bridge on top of a Blueline bus killing the driver and a labourer.[71]

On July 12, 2009, a portion of a bridge under construction collapsed when its launching girder lost balance as it was being erected at Zamrudpur, near East of Kailash, on the Central Secretariat – Badarpur corridor. Six people were killed and 15 others injured.[72] The day after, on July 13, 2009, a crane that was removing the debris collapsed, and with a bowling pin effect collapsed two other nearby cranes, injuring six.[73] On July 22, 2009 a steel beam fell on a worker at the under-construction Ashok Park Metro station, killing him.[74] Over a hundred people, including 93 workers, have died since work on the metro began in 1998.[75]

Infrastructure

Rolling stock

A Phase I broad gauge train, supplied by Hyundai Rotem-BEML[76].
A Phase II broad gauge train, supplied by Bombardier.

The Metro uses rolling stock of two different gauges. Phase I lines use 1,676 mm (5.499 ft) broad gauge rolling stock, while three Phase II lines will use 1,435 mm standard gauge rolling stock.[77]

The broad gauge rolling stock is manufactured by two major suppliers. For the Phase I, the Rolling stock was supplied by a consortium of companies comprising Hyundai Rotem, Mitsubishi Corporation, and MELCO. The coaches were initially built in South Korea by ROTEM[78], then in Bangalore by BEML through a technology transfer arrangement.[79] These trains consist of four 3.2-metre (10 ft) wide stainless steel lightweight coaches with vestibules permitting movement throughout their length and can carry up to 1500 passengers,[80] with 50 seated and 330 standing passengers per coach.[81] The coaches are fully air conditioned, equipped with automatic doors, microprocessor controlled brakes and secondary air suspension,[82] and are capable of maintaining an average speed of 32 km/h (20 mph) over a distance of 1.1 km (0.68 mi).[81] The system is extensible up to eight coaches, and platforms have been designed accordingly.[80]. The Rolling stock for Phase II is being supplied by Bombardier Transportation, which has received an order for 498 cars worth US$ 828 million.[83] While initial trains were made in Germany and Sweden, the remainder will be built at Bombardier's Indian factory in Savli, near Vadodara.[84] These trains are a mix of four-car and six-car consists, capable of accommodating 1178 and 1792 commuters per train respectively. The coaches possess several improved features like CCTV cameras with eight-hour backup for added security, charging points in all coaches for cell phones and laptops, improved air conditioning to provide a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius even in packed conditions and heaters for winter.[85]

The standard gauge rolling stock is manufactured by BEML at its factory in Bangalore. The trains are four-car consists with a capacity of 1506 commuters per train,[86] accommodating 50 seated and 292 standing passengers in each coach.[81] These trains will have CCTV cameras in and outside the coaches, power supply connections inside coaches to charge mobiles and laptops, better humidity control, microprocessor-controlled disc brakes,[87] and will be capable of maintaining an average speed of 34 km/h (21 mph) over a distance of 1.1 km (0.68 mi).[81]

As of August 2010, DMRC runs over a hundred trains operating more than 2000 services daily,[2] and the number of trains is expected to increase to 153 with 900 coaches by September 2010.[88] Trains are maintained at six depots at Khyber Pass, Mundka, Najafgarh, Shastri Park, Sultanpur and Yamuna Bank.[89][90][91]

Signalling and telecommunication

Inside a Metro coach.

The Delhi Metro uses cab signalling along with a centralised automatic train control system consisting of automatic train operation, Automatic Train Protection and automatic train signalling modules.[92] A 380 MHz digital trunked TETRA radio communication system from Motorola is used on all 3 lines to carry both voice and data information.[93] For Line 3, Siemens Transportation Systems has supplied the electronic interlocking Sicas, the operation control system Vicos OC 500 and the automation control system LZB 700 M.[94] An integrated system comprising optical fibre cable, on-train radio, CCTV, and a centralised clock and public address system is used for telecommunication during train operations as well as emergencies.[95]

Environment and aesthetics

The Delhi Metro has won awards for environmentally friendly practices from organisations including the United Nations,[96] RINA,[97] and the International Organization for Standardization,[97] becoming the first metro in the world to be ISO 14001 certified for environmentally friendly construction.[98] Most of the Metro stations on the Blue Line conduct rainwater harvesting as an environmental protection measure.[99] It is also the first railway project in the world to earn carbon credits after being registered with the United Nations under the Clean Development Mechanism,[100] and has so far earned 400,000 carbon credits by saving energy through the use of regenerative braking systems on its trains.[101]

The Metro has been promoted as an integral part of community infrastructure, and community artwork depicting the local way of life has been put on display at stations.[102] Students of local art colleges have also designed decorative murals at Metro stations,[103] while pillars of the viaduct on some elevated sections have been decorated with mosaic murals created by local schoolchildren.[104]

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Sanjay Kapoor (2010-09-04). "Metro:The Complete Picture". Hindustan Times. http://epaper.hindustantimes.com/PUBLICATIONS/HT/HD/2010/09/04/ArticleHtmls/Taken-for-a-ride-feel-commuters-04092010004002.shtml?Mode=1. Retrieved 2010-09-04. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Delhi metro's total ridership since 2002 crosses the total population of India". Press Release. Delhi Metro Rail Corporation. 2010-08-23. http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/whats_new.html#DELHI-METRO%27S-TOTAL-RIDERSHIP. Retrieved 2010-08-27. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Indian PM launches Delhi metro". BBC News. 2002-12-24. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2602907.stm. Retrieved 2010-04-22. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "By year-end, Metro to add 100 new trains". The Times of India. 2010-05-08. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/By-year-end-Metro-to-add-100-new-trains/articleshow/5908479.cms. Retrieved 2010-05-09. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Delhi Metro to add extra coaches". Business Standard. 2010-01-06. http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/delhi-metro-to-add-extra-coaches-to-trains/356346/. Retrieved 2010-01-06. 
  6. ↑ "Delhi metro has carried over 1.25 bn commuters". 2010-08-24. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/transportation/railways/Delhi-metro-has-carried-over-125-bn-commuters/articleshow/6422941.cms. Retrieved 2010-08-27. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Siemiatycki 2006, p. 279
  8. ↑ Siemiatycki 2006, pp. 279–280
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "History". DMRC. http://www.delhimetrorail.com/corporates/history.html. Retrieved 2009-09-17. 
  10. ↑ Pucher, John; Nisha Korattyswaroopam, Neenu Ittyerah (2004). "The Crisis of Public Transport in India". Journal of Public Transportation 7 (4): 1–20. http://131.247.19.1/jpt/pdf/JPT%207-4%20Pucher.pdf. Retrieved 2009-09-17. 
  11. ↑ "Need for a Metro". DMRC. http://www.delhimetrorail.com/corporates/needfor_mrts.html. Retrieved 2009-09-17. 
  12. ↑ "Delhi metro rail work begins but without fanfare". The Indian Express. http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19981002/27550424.html. 
  13. ↑ "Delhi Metro showcases public sector success". The Indian Express. 2007-04-13. http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=84775. Retrieved 2009-09-10. 
  14. ↑ "Delhi Metro Rail to adopt BG system". The Hindu Business Line. 2000-08-07. http://www.hinduonnet.com/businessline/2000/08/07/stories/140760l1.htm. Retrieved 2009-09-10. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Phase 1 complete, Pragati Maidan now on Metro map". Express India. 2006-10-27. http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=206789. Retrieved 2010-04-18. 
  16. ↑ Nandini Lakshman (2007-03-19). "The Miracle-Worker of the Delhi Metro". BusinessWeek. http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07_12/b4026009.htm. Retrieved 2009-09-10. 
  17. ↑ Smriti Kak Ramachandran (2007-09-17). "Delhi Metro confident of meeting deadline". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/17/stories/2007091753860400.htm. Retrieved 2009-09-10. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 "Delhi Metro Master Plan 2021". DMRC. http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/images/metro_map_big.jpg. Retrieved 2010-03-25. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Delhi Anand Vihar Metro line opens for public". The Economic Times. 2010-01-07. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/transportation/railways/Anand-Vihar-Metro-line-opens-for-public/articleshow/5419382.cms. Retrieved 2010-01-08. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Atul Mathur (2009-09-17). "A swankier, smarter Metro". Hindustan Times. http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/A-swankier-smarter-Metro/Article1-454767.aspx. Retrieved 2009-11-12. 
  21. ↑ "DMRC records highest commutership of over 12L". The Economic Times. 2010-07-27. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/transportation/railways/DMRC-records-highest-commutership-of-over-12L/articleshow/6223832.cms. Retrieved 2010-07-28. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "Delhi Metro crosses new horizons". Hindustan Times. 2010-04-03. http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/Delhi-Metro-crosses-new-horizons/Article1-526409.aspx. Retrieved 2010-04-04. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "On May 3, Metro to cross Yamuna again". The Times of India. 2009-04-24. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/On-May-2-Metro-to-cross-Yamuna-again/articleshow/4441285.cms. Retrieved 2010-03-29. 
  24. ↑ "Prime Minister inaugurates Metro Rail services between Tis Hazari and Shahdara". Press Release. Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 2002-12-24. http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2002/rdec2002/24122002/r241220027.html. Retrieved 2010-03-29. 
  25. ↑ "Passengers swamp Delhi's new metro". Sydney Morning Herald. 2002-12-27. http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/12/26/1040511133673.html. Retrieved 2010-03-29. 
  26. ↑ "70,000 travel by Tri Nagar-Tis Hazari Metro rail". The Times of India. 2003-10-05. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/70000-travel-by-Tri-Nagar-Tis-Hazari-Metro-rail/articleshow/216425.cms. Retrieved 2010-03-29. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 "Metro Station Information". DMRC. http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html. Retrieved 2009-03-29. 
  28. ↑ "A subterranean journey begins". The Times of India. 2004-12-20. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/964370.cms. Retrieved 2010-03-29. 
  29. ↑ "Metro creating a marvel in Walled City". The Hindu. 2004-01-08. http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/01/08/stories/2004010805490300.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-29. 
  30. ↑ "Technological marvel set to unfold on July 2". The Hindu. 2005-06-29. http://www.hindu.com/2005/06/29/stories/2005062920010300.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-29. 
  31. ↑ "Gurgaon gets a lifeline as CST-Qutub corridor opens". Sify News. 2010-09-04. http://sify.com/news/gurgaon-gets-a-lifeline-as-cst-qutub-corridor-opens-news-national-kjduEhecbaj.html. Retrieved 2010-09-04. 
  32. ↑ Nidhi Sharma (2005-06-29). "New Delhi Metro station, your connect with National rail". The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/New-Delhi-Metro-station-your-connect-with-National-rail/articleshow/1154950.cms. Retrieved 2010-03-29. 
  33. ↑ "Secretariat to DU in 18 minutes flat". The Hindu. 2005-07-01. http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/01/stories/2005070111420400.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-29. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 "Metro enters Noida, set to change travelling habits of people". Daily News and Analysis. 2009-11-12. http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_metro-enters-noida-set-to-change-travelling-habits-of-people_1310610. Retrieved 2009-01-12. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "Metro to travel underground and overhead". The Times of India. 2005-12-28. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Metro-to-travel-underground-and-overhead/articleshow/1349130.cms?flstry=1. Retrieved 2010-04-04. 
  36. ↑ Gaurav Vivek Bhatnagar (2006-11-12). "Delhi Metro just got bigger and better". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/12/stories/2006111212620100.htm. Retrieved 2010-04-04. 
  37. ↑ "40000 Footfalls at Anand Vihar Metro on Day 1". Outlook India. 2010-01-07. http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?672357. Retrieved 2010-04-04. 
  38. ↑ "Metro Goes To Mundka On new green line". The Times of India. 2010-04-01. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Metro-Goes-To-Mundka-On-new-green-line/articleshow/5748542.cms. 
  39. ↑ "Delhi metro to launch standard-gauge trains in March". Daily News and Analysis. 2010-02-21. http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_delhi-metro-to-launch-standard-guage-trains-in-march_1350835. Retrieved 2010-04-06. 
  40. ↑ "Metro gets first standard gauge depot". The Hindu. 2010-02-23. http://beta.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article111997.ece. Retrieved 2010-04-06. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 "Target Opening Dates of Various Corridors of Phase - II". DMRC. http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/whats_new.html#targetdates. Retrieved 2010-01-06. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Lalmani Verma (2010-02-10). "Metro’s date with Ghaziabad delayed: now it’s March 2011". The Indian Express. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/metros-date-with-ghaziabad-delayed-now-its-march-2011/577962/0. Retrieved 2010-03-25. 
  43. ↑ Gaurav Vivek Bhatnagar (2006-12-25). "Delhi Metro map to cover Greater Noida". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/25/stories/2006122514830100.htm. Retrieved 2009-09-10. 
  44. ↑ "Ghaziabad to Delhi by Metro Rail". Ghaziabad Development Authority. http://www.gdaghaziabad.com/metro.php#. Retrieved 2010-03-25. 
  45. ↑ Megha Suri (2010-01-30). "Pvt metro link to get Central nod soon". The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/-Pvt-metro-link-to-get-Central-nod-soon/articleshow/5514881.cms. Retrieved 2010-02-02. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 M.N. Murty; K.K. Dhavala, Meenakshi Ghosh, Rashmi Singh (October 2006). "Social Cost-Benefit Analysis of Delhi Metro". Institute of Economic Growth. http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/1658/1/MPRA_paper_1658.pdf. Retrieved 2009-11-24. 
  47. ↑ Madhav G. Badami (2009). "Urban Transport Policy as if People and the Environment Mattered: Pedestrian Accessibility the First Step". Economic and Political Weekly 44 (33): 43–51. http://epw.in/epw/uploads/articles/13826.pdf. Retrieved 2009-11-24. 
  48. ↑ Siemiatycki 2006, p. 289
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 "Annual Report, 2007-2008". Delhi Metro Rail Corporation. http://www.delhimetrorail.com/corporates/annual_report_2008-09_english.pdf. Retrieved 2010-03-29. 
  50. ↑ "Delhi Metro pays back loan to Japanese agency". The Hindu. http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article557992.ece. Retrieved 2010-08-18. 
  51. ↑ "Increase in DMRC profit". The Hindu. 2007-09-24. http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/24/stories/2007092457210400.htm. Retrieved 2009-11-24. 
  52. ↑ Amy Yee (2009-11-05). "Delhi's Subway Builder". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/global/2009/0511/026-india-delhi-subway-builder.html. Retrieved 2009-11-24. 
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Sweta Dutta (2009-12-28). "On silver screen, Metro a symbol of urban Delhi". The Indian Express. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/on-silver-screen-metro-a-symbol-of-urban-delhi/560430/0. Retrieved 2010-01-25. 
  54. ↑ Garima Sharma (2009-12-28). "Metro Movie". The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Metro-Movie/articleshow/5384693.cms. Retrieved 2010-01-25. 
  55. ↑ "Annual Report, 2007-2008". Delhi Metro Rail Corporation. http://www.delhimetrorail.com/corporates/annual_report_2007-08.pdf. Retrieved 2009-11-24. 
  56. ↑ "Measures to Ensure Safe Passage for Metro Train Passengers". Press Release. Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 2010-08-27. http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=65407. Retrieved 2010-08-27. 
  57. ↑ "Delhi Metro routes now on Google Maps". The Economic Times. 2010-03-05. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/et-cetera/Delhi-Metro-routes-now-on-Google-Maps/articleshow/5644514.cms. Retrieved 2010-03-11. 
  58. ↑ "CISF to take over Delhi Metro security". The Times of India. 2007-03-07. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1730990.cms. Retrieved 2010-04-15. 
  59. ↑ "Delhi metro parking areas to be bought under CCTV cameras". Daily News and Analysis. 2010-03-21. http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_delhi-metro-parking-areas-to-be-bought-under-cctv-cameras_1361509. Retrieved 2010-04-15. 
  60. ↑ Megha Suri Singh (2010-03-30). "Moscow blasts put Metro security in alert mode". The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/5740559.cms. Retrieved 2010-04-15. 
  61. ↑ "Commuters Guide to Security on Delhi Metro". DMRC. http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/pdf/security_english.pdf. Retrieved 2010-04-15. 
  62. ↑ "Mock drills at 4 Metro stations". The Times of India. 2010-03-26. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Mock-drills-at-4-Metro-stations/articleshow/5724920.cms. Retrieved 2010-04-15. 
  63. ↑ "Fare Matrix as per Revised Fare Structure"". DMRC. http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/newfarechart.jpg. Retrieved 2010-03-24. 
  64. ↑ "Common tickets for DTC, Metro by 2011". Sify Technologies. 2010-03-26. http://sify.com/finance/common-tickets-for-dtc-metro-by-2011-jaipal-reddy-news-default-kd0uOedhfag.html. 
  65. ↑ "10 % Discount on Metro SMART CARDS". DMRC. http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/whats_new.html#metrocards. 
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 "Metro Fares: Automatic Ticketing". DMRC. http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/metro_fares.aspx#Automatic%20Ticketing. Retrieved 2010-03-24. 
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 Sweta Dutta (2009-11-16). "Widening reach, Metro looks at ways to ease rush". The Indian Express. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/widening-reach-metro-looks-at-ways-to-ease-rush/542010/0. Retrieved 2009-11-21. 
  68. ↑ Atul Mathur (2009-11-19). "Crowded stations, slow trains". Hindustan Times. http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/Crowded-stations-slow-trains/Article1-477845.aspx. Retrieved 2009-11-21. 
  69. ↑ Atul Mathur (2009-12-08). "Feeder service or the lack of it". Hindustan Times. http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/Feeder-service-or-the-lack-of-it/Article1-484059.aspx. Retrieved 2009-12-08. 
  70. ↑ "Parking, feeder bus woes on Metro's Noida line". India Today. 2009-11-12. http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/Story/70508/LATEST%20NEWS/Parking,+feeder+bus+woes+on+Metro%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%E2%84%A2s+Noida+line.html. Retrieved 2009-12-08. 
  71. ↑ "Delhi Metro bridge collapses; 1 dead". CNN-IBN (IBN Live). 2008-10-19. http://www.ibnlive.com/news/delhi-metro-bridge-collapses-1-dead--your-say--pics/76209-3.html?from=rssfeed. Retrieved 2008-10-19. 
  72. ↑ "A chronology of Delhi Metro accidents". Indo-Asian News Service (Hindustan Times Online). 2009-07-12. http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?sectionName=HomePage&id=5c45c17b-12b7-4ae9-95ae-f78927740f10&Headline=A+chronology+of+Delhi+Metro+accidents. Retrieved 2009-07-12. 
  73. ↑ Megha Suri (2009-07-14). "Day 2: 3 cranes fall, Metro image takes beating". The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS-City-Delhi-Day-2-3-cranes-fall-Metro-image-takes-beating/articleshow/4774296.cms. Retrieved 2010-01-06. 
  74. ↑ "Labourer dies at Delhi Metro construction site". Central Chronicle. 2009-07-22. http://www.centralchronicle.com/viewnews.asp?articleID=10567. Retrieved 2010-04-22. 
  75. ↑ Atul Mathur (2009-12-07). "City's nightmare on wheels". Hindustan Times. http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/City-s-nightmare-on-wheels/Article1-483710.aspx. Retrieved 2009-12-08. 
  76. ↑ Reuters - Hyundai Rotem gets $310m order to supply trains
  77. ↑ "Delhi Metro gets standard gauge train". The Hindu Business Line. 2009-03-18. http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2009/03/18/stories/2009031850811500.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-02. 
  78. ↑ "Delhi Metro, India - Key Data". railway-technology.com. http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/delhi/. 
  79. ↑ P. Manoj (2005-08-25). "BEML to rake in big money from proposed metro projects". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/25/stories/2005082504340500.htm. Retrieved 2009-09-26. 
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 "Second Metro rail arrives in Delhi". The Times of India. 2002-10-15. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/25298669.cms. Retrieved 2009-09-26. 
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 81.2 81.3 "Rolling Stock: Ensuring Passenger Comfort, Safety and Reliability". DMRC. http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/slideshow/images/7.jpg. Retrieved 2009-11-23. 
  82. ↑ "Metro Rail gets first train". The Hindu. 2002-07-27. http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/07/27/stories/2002072703730400.htm. Retrieved 2009-09-26. 
  83. ↑ "Bombardier Wins New Contract in Delhi to Deliver Further 74 MOVIA Metro Cars". Press Release. Bombardier. 2010-06-30. http://bombardier.com/en/transportation/media-centre/press-releases/details?docID=0901260d8011809b. Retrieved 2010-07-28. 
  84. ↑ "Bombardier to supply coaches to Delhi Metro". projectsmonitor.com. http://www.projectsmonitor.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=14183. 
  85. ↑ "Metro to get swankier, bigger coaches". The Times of India. 2009-09-17. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/city/delhi/Metro-to-get-swankier-bigger-coaches/articleshow/5019847.cms. Retrieved 2009-09-26. 
  86. ↑ "BEML delivers India's 1st standard gauge metro car". The Economic Times. 2009-09-11. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/4999078.cms. Retrieved 2009-09-26. 
  87. ↑ Smriti Kak Ramachandran (2009-07-30). "Trial run begins on first standard gauge Metro line". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/30/stories/2009073055731200.htm. Retrieved 2009-07-26. 
  88. ↑ Sweta Dutta (2009-05-13). "Eight depots for Metro as it chugs along ever-widening network". The Indian Express. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Eight-depots-for-Metro-as-it-chugs-along-ever-widening-network/458341/. Retrieved 2009-09-26. 
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  98. ↑ "Metro Receives ISO 14001 Certificate". DMRC. http://www.delhimetrorail.com/corporates/ecofriendly/iso14001.html. Retrieved 2009-09-10. 
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  101. ↑ Neha Sinha (2009-12-20). "Delhi Metro on track to earn carbon credits". The Indian Express. http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/delhi-metro-on-track-to-earn-carbon-credits/556699/. Retrieved 2010-02-02. 
  102. ↑ Siemiatycki 2006, p. 284
  103. ↑ Anuradha Mukherjee (2002-12-13). "Vibrant murals bring cheer". The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Vibrant-murals-bring-cheer/articleshow/31101558.cms. Retrieved 2009-11-30. 
  104. ↑ Preeti Jha (2007-10-10). "Murals by Salwan Public School students decorate Metro pillars on Pusa Road". The Indian Express. http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/murals-by-salwan-public-school-students-decorate-metro-pillars-on-pusa-road/226660/. Retrieved 2010-02-02. 

References

Further reading

External links

Rapid Rail Transit in India
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